Tailoring Superconductivity in Large-Area Single-Layer NbSe₂ via Self-Assembled Molecular Adlayers

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) represent an ideal testbench for the search of materials by design, because their optoelectronic properties can be manipulated through surface engineering and molecular functionalization. However, the impact of molecules on intrinsic physical properties of TMDs, such as superconductivity, remains largely unexplored. In this work, the critical temperature (T_C) of large-area NbSe₂ monolayers is manipulated, employing ultrathin molecular adlayers. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that aligned molecular dipoles within the self-assembled layers act as a fixed gate terminal, collectively generating a macroscopic electrostatic field on NbSe₂. This results in an ∼55% increase and a 70% decrease in T_C depending on the electric field polarity, which is controlled via molecular selection. The reported functionalization, which improves the air stability of NbSe₂, is efficient, practical, up-scalable, and suited to functionalize large-area TMDs. Our results indicate the potential of hybrid 2D materials as a novel platform for tunable superconductivity.