Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

63.1K
The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
63.1K
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

2.6K
In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
2.6K
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

1.3K
Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical...
1.3K
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

1.4K
Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
1.4K
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

1.9K
Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
1.9K
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

1.2K
There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tourette syndrome and rage attacks - a longitudinal and cross-sectional study.

Psychopathology·2026
Same author

Night-to-Night Sleep Duration and Wake-Anchored Glycaemia: Associations with Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Free-Living Adolescents.

Sleep·2026
Same author

[Functional disorders in children and adolescents].

Ugeskrift for laeger·2026
Same author

[Genetics of primary headache disorders in children and adolescents].

Ugeskrift for laeger·2026
Same author

[The prognosis for febrile seizures].

Ugeskrift for laeger·2026
Same author

Association between subjective and objective measures of pediatric sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of duration, continuity, regularity, and quality.

Sleep medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
06:09

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery

Published on: February 14, 2019

7.2K

[Breath-holding spells in children].

Bettina Bjerring, Nanette Mol Debes1

  • 1nanette.marinette.monique.debes@regionh.dk.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Breath-holding spells in infants, possibly linked to autonomic system issues, may improve with iron treatment. Further research is needed due to low evidence levels for these episodes.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Neurology
  • Autonomic Dysfunction

Background:

  • Breath-holding spells are involuntary infant episodes triggered by provocation.
  • These spells can cause seizures and loss of consciousness.
  • The pathophysiology involves potential autonomic system dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of breath-holding spells.
  • To explore potential contributing factors like iron deficiency and oxidative stress.
  • To assess the efficacy of iron treatment and long-term implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on breath-holding spells.
  • Analysis of factors including iron levels, personality traits, and oxidative stress.
  • Examination of treatment outcomes, particularly iron supplementation.

More Related Videos

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
11:38

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

47.2K
Author Spotlight: Standardization and Best Practices for Advancing Lung Imaging Using 129Xe MRI
09:08

Author Spotlight: Standardization and Best Practices for Advancing Lung Imaging Using 129Xe MRI

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
06:09

Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery

Published on: February 14, 2019

7.2K
Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
11:38

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

47.2K
Author Spotlight: Standardization and Best Practices for Advancing Lung Imaging Using 129Xe MRI
09:08

Author Spotlight: Standardization and Best Practices for Advancing Lung Imaging Using 129Xe MRI

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.2K

Main Results:

  • Iron treatment has shown effectiveness in some cases.
  • Associated issues include concentration problems.
  • An increased risk of future syncope has been noted.

Conclusions:

  • The exact pathophysiology of breath-holding spells remains unclear.
  • Autonomic system dysregulation is a suspected factor.
  • Low evidence necessitates further research, especially regarding iron's role.