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Motion of a Projectile

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Projectile motion becomes evident when a player kicks the ball into the air. The launch angle, or the angle at which the ball is kicked, plays a crucial role in determining the trajectory of the projectile. As the ball soars through the air, influenced solely by gravity, its motion can be dissected into two independent velocity components: the horizontal and the vertical.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
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Vertical head and eye movements in baseball batting.

Nick Fogt1, Tyler W Persson1

  • 1The Ohio State University College of Optometry.

Optometry & Visual Performance
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Baseball batters use specific head and eye movements to track pitches, directing their gaze slightly below the ball. This technique helps maintain a constant visual direction during the swing.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of sports
  • Human movement analysis
  • Oculomotor control

Background:

  • Understanding head and eye movements is crucial for analyzing athletic performance.
  • Previous research suggests batters aim to maintain a consistent gaze direction relative to the ball.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel method for quantifying vertical head and eye motion in baseball batters.
  • To present preliminary findings on gaze control during batting.

Main Methods:

  • Two former collegiate baseball players were recruited for the study.
  • Participants performed batting drills using a pitching machine to simulate game conditions.

Main Results:

  • Head movements involved an initial upward rotation followed by a downward motion.
Keywords:
Baseballeye movementshead movementspursuit tracking

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  • Eye movements often opposed the head's rotation, with gaze typically directed below the ball's trajectory.
  • Observed patterns were consistent between the two subjects.

    • Conclusions:

    • The findings support the hypothesis that baseball batters strive to maintain a constant egocentric visual direction toward the pitched ball.
    • This study provides initial data on the complex interplay of head and eye movements in batting.