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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

847
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
847
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.1K
Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

3.2K
EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

2.1K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
2.1K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

23.0K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
23.0K
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.4K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
5.4K

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Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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Lead removal by ThioOctolig.

Dean F Martin1, Kirpal S Bisht1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Modified silica gel, ThioOctolig, significantly enhances lead ion removal from water. This sulfur-modified material achieved 99.4% lead removal, a substantial improvement over the original Octolig.

Keywords:
Removalchelationchromatographydrinking waterleadsulfurthioacetamide

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Adsorption Technology

Background:

  • Octolig, a silica gel modified with polyethylene diamine, is commercially available.
  • Effective removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions is crucial for environmental remediation.
  • Incorporating sulfur into Octolig aims to improve its lead ion adsorption capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a sulfur-modified adsorbent, ThioOctolig, from Octolig.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of ThioOctolig in removing lead ions from aqueous solutions.
  • To investigate methods for enhancing sulfur incorporation into the Octolig matrix.

Main Methods:

  • Octolig was reacted with thioacetamide in toluene under various conditions (time, temperature, acid presence).
  • Antimony trichloride (SbCl3) was explored as a catalyst for sulfur incorporation.
  • Sulfur content was analyzed, and lead ion removal efficiency was tested using 120 ppm aqueous lead solutions.

Main Results:

  • Direct reaction of Octolig with thioacetamide resulted in limited sulfur incorporation (approx. 20%).
  • Acidification during reaction did not improve sulfur content and yielded poorer results.
  • SbCl3 as a catalyst did not enhance sulfur content but produced a distinct color change; however, a ThioOctolig sample with 10% sulfur removed 99.4% of lead ions, compared to 68% for unmodified Octolig.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfur incorporation into Octolig significantly enhances lead ion removal efficiency.
  • ThioOctolig demonstrates superior performance in adsorbing lead ions compared to the parent material.
  • Further investigation into reaction conditions, such as temperature, may optimize sulfur incorporation.