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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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Radiative Transfer and Generalized Wind.

Christopher Essex1, Indrani Das1

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Generalized winds, a concept extending fluid dynamics, are applied to radiative transfer. This study introduces radiative energy and entropy velocities, revealing fluid-like properties in radiation processes.

Keywords:
energy flux densityentropy flux densityentropy productiongeneralized windsradiative energy transferradiative entropy transfertwo-stream grey atmosphere

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics and Atmospheric Science
  • Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Flux densities and volume densities can define generalized velocity fields, termed 'generalized winds'.
  • These generalized winds extend classical fluid dynamics concepts to diverse physical processes.
  • Previous work established generalized winds in fluid dynamics with thermodynamic implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the concept of generalized winds from fluid dynamics to radiative transfer.
  • To define and analyze velocity fields for radiative energy and entropy in a two-stream atmosphere.
  • To explore thermodynamic implications and fluid-like behaviors in radiative transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Formulating velocity fields by dividing flux densities by conjugate volume densities.
  • Applying this framework to a classical two-stream atmospheric model for radiative transfer.
  • Analyzing the properties of derived radiative energy and entropy velocities.

Main Results:

  • Successfully derived velocity fields for radiative energy and entropy in a two-stream atmosphere.
  • Demonstrated that these radiative velocities exhibit properties analogous to those in fluid dynamics.
  • Identified instances where radiative velocity fields match, corresponding to cessation of entropy production.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized wind concept is applicable and insightful for radiative transfer.
  • Radiative energy and entropy velocities share behaviors with fluid velocities, including at points of zero entropy production.
  • This unification offers a new perspective on thermodynamic processes in radiation.