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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Vitiligo: An Updated Narrative Review.

Alexander K C Leung1, Joseph M Lam2, Kin Fon Leong3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Current Pediatric Reviews
|December 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitiligo, a common skin pigmentation disorder, presents as depigmented patches. Treatment effectiveness varies, with individualized approaches yielding the best outcomes, especially in younger patients with recent onset or head/neck lesions.

Keywords:
Depigmentationhypopigmentationtopical calcineurin inhibitorstopical corticosteroidsultraviolet B phototherapy.vitiligo

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo is a prevalent acquired pigmentation disorder causing significant psychological distress.
  • It affects approximately one quarter of patients before age 10.
  • Pathogenesis may involve genetic, immunological, neurogenic, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To familiarize physicians with vitiligo's clinical manifestations.
  • To outline the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of vitiligo.
  • To provide an overview of current treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search using "vitiligo" in PubMed Clinical Queries.
  • Inclusion of meta-analyses, RCTs, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews.
  • Restriction to English language publications.

Main Results:

  • Vitiligo presents as well-demarcated, chalk-white macules/patches, often on the face, neck, and limbs.
  • Lesion progression is variable, and the clinical course is unpredictable.
  • Treatment options include topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and narrowband UVB phototherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment outcomes for vitiligo vary significantly among individuals, necessitating personalized therapeutic plans.
  • Younger patients, recent onset, darker skin types, and head/neck lesions generally show better responses.
  • Topical corticosteroids/calcineurin inhibitors are first-line for localized disease, while NB-UVB is considered for widespread or refractory cases.