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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Self- and other-referential processing involve distinct brain regions.
  • The default mode network (DMN) is linked to self-processing, while task-positive networks (TPN) are associated with external processing.
  • The neural basis for differentiating between self, close others, and distant others remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the brain distinguishes between self, close other, and distant other processing.
  • To test the hypothesis that DMN engagement decreases and TPN engagement increases with decreasing self-relatedness.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect functional connectivity data.
  • Participants performed a trait adjective judgment task, evaluating themselves, a close friend, a neutral stranger, and an unpleasant person.
  • Analysis focused on the interplay between the DMN and TPN during these evaluations.

Main Results:

  • A positive correlation was found between self-relatedness and DMN dominance in cortical midline structures and the left lateral prefrontal cortex.
  • DMN connectivity was significantly greater than TPN connectivity for self-processing, followed by close other, neutral other, and unpleasant other.
  • Activity shifted from DMN to TPN as the evaluated person became less self-related.

Conclusions:

  • The balance of brain activity shifts from the DMN to the TPN as the perceived self-relatedness of the evaluated individual decreases.
  • This provides evidence for distinct neural network engagement underlying the processing of self versus others, with a gradient of self-relatedness.
  • Findings elucidate the neural mechanisms differentiating social cognition across varying degrees of interpersonal closeness.