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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Evolving Differentiation in African Trypanosomes.

Juan F Quintana1, Martin Zoltner2, Mark C Field3

  • 1Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.

Trends in Parasitology
|December 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parasite differentiation pathways, like those in African trypanosomes, may originate from generic stress responses. This repurposing enhances parasite fitness and transmission between hosts.

Keywords:
Trypanosoma bruceiadaptive mechanismsenvironmental sensingevolution of differentiationlife history theory

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Parasite differentiation is crucial for adapting to diverse hosts and environments.
  • The transition between vertebrate and insect stages in African trypanosomes involves a distinct 'stumpy' form.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origins of parasite differentiation pathways.
  • To understand how these pathways are optimized for transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of African trypanosome differentiation.
  • Investigating the role of stress responses in stumpy-form development.

Main Results:

  • Stress conditions can induce stumpy-like cellular states in parasites.
  • Differentiation pathways may arise from repurposed generic stress responses.

Conclusions:

  • Parasite differentiation programs likely evolve by adapting existing stress responses.
  • This adaptation provides a significant fitness advantage for parasite transmission.