Disrupted barriers, evolved risks: toward precision One Health in arthropod allergy.

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Immunology
• Allergy Research

Background:

• Arthropod-induced allergic diseases pose a growing global health threat.
• Climate change and urbanization increase human exposure to allergenic arthropods like ticks and mites.
• This exposure intensifies allergic sensitization and disease burden worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the mechanisms by which arthropod-derived molecules induce allergic diseases.
• To integrate current research with novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
• To outline future directions for managing arthropod allergies in a changing environment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on molecular mechanisms of arthropod allergy.
• Integration of epithelial barrier hypothesis with advanced diagnostics.
• Discussion of AI-assisted precision medicine and One Health surveillance.

Main Results:

• Arthropod molecules disrupt epithelial barriers, activate innate immunity, and promote allergic sensitization.
• Alpha-gal syndrome serves as a key example of arthropod-induced allergy.
• Current approaches like component-resolved diagnostics and AI offer new insights.

Conclusions:

• A systems-level perspective is crucial for understanding arthropod allergy.
• Translational challenges in prediction, prevention, and personalized management need addressing.
• Future strategies must consider environmental changes and a One Health approach.