Flow of reducing equivalents into isolated intestinal mitochondria

A system of enzymes is required for the transport of reducing equivalents from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) generated in the cytosol into the mitochondria by the substrate cycles. Also, the intestinal mitochondria must be capable of oxidizing the substrates of the cycles. Both substrate cycle enzymes and permeable mitochondria are necessary for the flow of pyruvate derived from glucose into the mitochondria for oxidative decarboxylation and for the efficient production of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) for the unique intestinal nutrient transport functions. Mitochondria from hamster intestinal mucosa were prepared exhibiting good respiratory control ratios. The isolated intestinal mitochondria would not oxidize NADH unless N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) was added as a carrier of reducing equivalents. The rates of oxidation of the substrates of the L-glycerol 3-phosphate and the L-malate/1-aspartate substrate cycles were measured with the mitochondria isolated from the small intestinal mucosa. The key enzymes measured in the cytosol and mitochondria from the mucosa were NAD-L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Fp-L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, L-malate dehydrogenase and L-glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. In addition, the substrate cyclase were simulated in vitro by following NADH oxidation by isolated mitochondria in the presence of added cytosolic constituents.