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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Therapy in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hanna Javan1, Farshid Dayyani2, Nadine Abi-Jaoudeh1

  • 1Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Orange, California.

Seminars in Interventional Radiology
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is complex. This review summarizes current systemic therapies, immunotherapies, and locoregional options for advanced HCC, highlighting recent advancements and approved agents.

Keywords:
hepatocellular carcinomalocoregional therapiessystemic therapies

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary Oncology
  • Medical Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents significant treatment challenges.
  • Systemic therapy is the primary approach for advanced HCC.
  • Recent approvals have expanded first-line and second-line treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment modalities for advanced HCC.
  • To summarize approved systemic, immunotherapeutic, and locoregional therapies.
  • To provide an overview of emerging treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of randomized clinical trials and recent approvals.
  • Synthesis of data on systemic agents (e.g., atezolizumab, bevacizumab, lenvatinib).
  • Inclusion of information on immunotherapies and locoregional therapies.

Main Results:

  • Sorafenib was the sole first-line agent for over a decade.
  • Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab approved as a first-line regimen in May 2020.
  • Lenvatinib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, ramucirumab, and nivolumab are other key agents.
  • Adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic viruses show promise.
  • Locoregional therapies offer benefits in selected cases.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple systemic agents are now available for advanced HCC.
  • Combination therapies and novel immunotherapies are advancing treatment.
  • Treatment selection depends on patient-specific factors and disease stage.