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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Dihybrid Crosses01:18

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Chi-square Analysis02:46

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The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Monohybrid Crosses01:20

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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Imaging and Analysis for Quantifying Maize (Zea mays) Abiotic Stress Phenotypes
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Inbreeding Depression in Genotypically Matched Diploid and Tetraploid Maize.

Hong Yao1, Sanvesh Srivastava2, Nathan Swyers1

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.

Frontiers in Genetics
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Inbreeding depression, a reduction in vigor from self-pollination, may not be solely due to the homozygosis of deleterious alleles. This study found similar vigor decline in diploid and tetraploid maize, challenging a popular hypothesis.

Keywords:
heterosisinbreeding depressionmaizeprogressive heterosistetraploid

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Quantitative genetics

Background:

  • Heterosis (hybrid vigor) and inbreeding depression are key phenomena in plant breeding.
  • Inbreeding depression is often attributed to the homozygosis of slightly deleterious recessive alleles.
  • Previous studies in alfalfa showed similar inbreeding effects in diploids and autotetraploids, questioning the allele homozygosis hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in maize.
  • To compare inbreeding depression in diploid and tetraploid maize under controlled conditions.
  • To test the hypothesis that homozygosis of deleterious alleles adequately explains inbreeding depression.

Main Methods:

  • Generated matched diploid and tetraploid maize hybrids from inbred lines.
  • Inbred hybrids (diploid and tetraploid) in triplicate for seven generations.
  • Phenotypically characterized F1 and selected inbred generations (S1, S3, S5, S7) in field trials.

Main Results:

  • Quantitative analysis showed minimal differences in vigor decline between diploid and tetraploid maize during inbreeding.
  • Phenotypic characterization revealed comparable reductions in vigor across generations in both ploidy levels.
  • The results provided little evidence to support a significant distinction in inbreeding depression between diploids and tetraploids.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothesis that inbreeding depression is primarily caused by the homozygosis of completely recessive, slightly deleterious alleles is likely inadequate.
  • Ploidy level does not appear to significantly alter the pattern or extent of inbreeding depression in maize under these conditions.
  • Further research is needed to explore alternative mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in plants.