Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

18.1K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
18.1K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

15.3K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
15.3K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

8.6K
During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
8.6K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

10.3K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
10.3K
Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

93.1K
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within...
93.1K
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

10.9K
Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
10.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Yinhuapinggan granules regulate PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways to inhibit Streptococcus Pneumoniae-induced inflammatory responses.

Archives of microbiology·2026
Same author

Naringenin inhibits endothelial-mesenchymal transition and alleviates myocardial fibrosis in rats by regulating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.

Molecular and cellular biochemistry·2026
Same author

Structure characteristics of a polysaccharide isolated from safflower and its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by LASSO regression analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data.

Carbohydrate polymers·2026
Same author

Hyperoside Alleviates Myocardial Fibrosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress via the GATA4/HIF-1α Pathway in Mice.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Quzhou Aurantii Fructus Extract Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Axis.

Biology·2026
Same author

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Yangyin Tongnao Granule on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

40.2K

Output Regulation and Function Optimization of Mitochondria in Eukaryotes.

Miaolin Zeng1, Yu He2, Haixia Du1

  • 1College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria, essential for eukaryotic life, face various injuries. Eukaryotic cells employ quality control and apoptosis to manage mitochondrial defects and ensure cellular health.

Keywords:
apoptosiseukaryotesmetabolismmitochondriamitochondrial dynamicsmitochondrial transfermitophagy

More Related Videos

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

5.5K
Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries
09:53

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Published on: January 4, 2017

24.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

40.2K
Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

5.5K
Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries
09:53

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Published on: January 4, 2017

24.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitochondria originated from alpha-proteobacteria endosymbiosis, crucial for eukaryotic evolution.
  • Mitochondrial functions are vital and adaptable, responding to cellular energy demands and stress.
  • Mitochondria play roles in inter-cellular metabolic cooperation and can be transferred for cell protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulation of mitochondrial output in eukaryotic cells.
  • To introduce new findings on quality control mechanisms for mitochondrial defects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of endosymbiosis, mitochondrial function, and quality control.
  • Analysis of intracellular and extracellular regulation of mitochondria.
  • Examination of mitochondrial injury types and cellular responses.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial injury types include proteotoxic stress, oxidative damage, and immune activation.
  • Eukaryotic cells possess quality control systems: proteins, dynamics regulation, and autophagy.
  • Apoptosis serves as a final mechanism to prevent uncontrolled cell death and tissue damage.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial output is tightly regulated by intracellular and extracellular contexts.
  • Multifaceted quality control processes are essential for maintaining mitochondrial integrity.
  • Failure of quality control can lead to apoptosis, protecting the organism from further damage.