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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Transcription Initiation01:47

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Basic mechanisms and kinetics of pause-interspersed transcript elongation.

Jin Qian1, David Dunlap1, Laura Finzi1

  • 1Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.

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|December 17, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA polymerase pausing regulates gene expression by halting elongation complexes. This review covers paused states, kinetic models, and challenges in theoretical modeling for transcriptional pausing.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA polymerase pausing is a key regulatory mechanism in gene expression.
  • Pausing is induced by DNA sequence signals, halting elongation complexes for co-transcriptional events.
  • Pausing signals generate short-lived elemental, long-lived backtracked, or hairpin-stabilized pauses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on paused states during transcription.
  • To discuss discrepancies in kinetic models of transcriptional pausing.
  • To highlight challenges in developing theoretical models for pausing dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of structural microbiology and single-molecule studies.
  • Analysis of existing kinetic models and their assumptions.
  • Identification of challenges in theoretical modeling of transcriptional pausing.

Main Results:

  • Advances in understanding paused states through structural and single-molecule studies.
  • Uncertainty remains regarding the dynamics of paused states.
  • Discrepancies exist among proposed kinetic models for pausing behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Further development of theoretical models is crucial for advancing biochemical understanding of transcriptional pausing.
  • Integrating experimental data with theoretical frameworks is essential.
  • Addressing discrepancies in kinetic models will refine our understanding of gene regulation.