Exosomes: Critical Mediators of Tumour Microenvironment Reprogramming

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Cell Biology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises diverse cells that communicate via signaling networks.
• Tumor cells and stromal cells interact within the TME, influencing cancer progression.
• Exosomes derived from the TME are emerging as key mediators of intercellular communication.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted roles of TME-derived exosomes in cancer.
• To explore exosome-mediated reprogramming of stromal cells, extracellular matrix, and tumor metabolism.
• To discuss the application of exosomes in cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of TME-derived exosomes and their functions.
• Analysis of exosome involvement in pre-metastatic niche formation and drug resistance.
• Exploration of bioengineered exosomes for targeted cancer therapies.

Main Results:

• TME-derived exosomes modulate stromal cells, ECM, and tumor cell metabolism, promoting cancer progression.
• Exosomes contribute to pre-metastatic niche development, stemness, tumor vasculature, and drug resistance.
• Bioengineered exosomes show potential as carriers for chemotherapeutics, RNAi, and natural compounds.

Conclusions:

• TME-derived exosomes are critical regulators of the tumor ecosystem.
• Exosome-mediated reprogramming offers potential therapeutic targets.
• Precision strategies involving exosomes hold promise for cancer diagnosis and treatment.