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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammation01:38

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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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Hyperinflammation and Immune Response Generation in COVID-19.

Kamla Prasad Mishra1, Ajay Kumar Singh1, Shashi Bala Singh2

  • 1Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)-HQ, New Delhi, India.

Neuroimmunomodulation
|December 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Increased inflammation and immune responses may contribute to severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Keywords:
COVID-19CytokineImmunityInflammationSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused widespread illness and death globally.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the hyperinflammation and immune responses (humoral and cell-mediated) following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To explore the role of inflammatory mediators in COVID-19 disease severity.
  • To discuss factors influencing immunity and comorbidities in COVID-19 outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on SARS-CoV-2 immunology and pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of inflammatory markers, cytokines, chemokines, and complement system activation.
  • Discussion of host factors and comorbidities impacting disease severity.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a significant inflammatory response in humans.
  • Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are associated with severe COVID-19.
  • Complement system activation may play a role in disease pathogenesis.
  • Immune responses are influenced by various host factors and comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperinflammation and dysregulated immune responses are key contributors to severe COVID-19.
  • Further research into the interplay between the immune system, SARS-CoV-2, and comorbidities is warranted.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can guide therapeutic strategies to mitigate COVID-19 severity.