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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Updated: Nov 25, 2025

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Language Breakdown in Primary Progressive Aphasias.

Amitabha Ghosh1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|December 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary progressive aphasias (PPAs) reveal language breakdown in neurodegenerative diseases. This overview examines how PPAs affect communication and the brain's language networks.

Keywords:
Dementialanguage networklogopenic variantnonfluent variantprimary progressive aphasiasemantic variant

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Primary progressive aphasias (PPAs) are neurodegenerative conditions characterized by progressive language impairment.
  • PPAs offer unique insights into the neural basis of language, distinct from stroke-induced aphasias.
  • Understanding PPA variants is crucial for diagnosing and managing language deficits in dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss cognitive processes underlying expressive and receptive verbal communication.
  • To explain how these processes are altered in different PPA variants, leading to distinct clinical presentations.
  • To review the brain's language network and its breakdown in each PPA variant.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical and neuroimaging studies on primary progressive aphasias.
  • Analysis of cognitive models of language production and comprehension.
  • Correlation of neuroanatomical changes with specific language deficits observed in PPA variants.

Main Results:

  • Distinct clinical patterns emerge in PPA variants due to differential effects on expressive and receptive language functions.
  • Neuroimaging reveals specific patterns of brain network degeneration corresponding to PPA subtypes.
  • The study highlights the systematic breakdown of the brain's language network in neurodegenerative disease.

Conclusions:

  • Primary progressive aphasias serve as a critical model for understanding language processing and its neural underpinnings.
  • Distinct PPA variants reflect specific disruptions within the brain's complex language network.
  • Further research into PPA is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative language disorders.