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Updated: Nov 25, 2025
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
A Novel Approach to Quantify Environmental Risk Factors of Myopia: Combination of Wearable Devices and Big Data
Lei Li1, Longbo Wen2, Weizhong Lan2,3,4
1State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
Purpose:
To develop a practical approach to quantify the exposure to environmental risk factors of myopia.
Methods:
In total, 179 children (age, mean ± standard deviation [SD] 9.17 ± 0.52 years) were requested to wear Clouclip, designed to measure working distance (WD) and light intensity (LI), for a whole week. The spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was determined by cycloplegic autorefraction. The raw data of WD and LI were preprocessed through several steps, including data denoising, constructing a two-dimensional WD-LI space, and data sparseness disposing. Weighted linear regression was used to explore the relationship between WD/LI and SER. A novel parameter visual behaviour index (VBI) was developed to summarize the overall impact of WD/LI on SER.
Results:
The mean ± SD SER of 179 participants was 0.22 ± 1.18 D. WD and LI were positively associated with SER. However, their magnitude of effect on SER varied with the relative level between them. When WD and LI were split up, the detrimental threshold was approximately 40 cm for WD and 6300 lux for LI. VBI was significantly positively associated with SER (β = 0.0623, R2 = 0.031, P < 0.05).
Conclusions:
The current study provides a novel approach to quantify environmental risk factors of myopia. Despite the complexity of the interaction between these risk factors and their impact on SER, this information can be summarized as one single-parameter VBI, which provides a useful tool to investigate the effect of environmental factors on myopia development and progression.
Translational Relevance:
We developed a novel approach to quantify environmental risk factors of myopia.
