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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
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The sensory representation of causally controlled objects.

Kelly B Clancy1, Thomas D Mrsic-Flogel1

  • 1Biozentrum, University of Basel, 70 Klingelbergstrasse, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Neuron
|December 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Mice learned to control a cursor using brain activity patterns via a brain-machine interface (BMI). Sensory feedback and intention shaped neural representations, enhancing control of external objects.

Keywords:
brain computer interfacebrain machine interfacecalcium imagingcausal controldecoderneuroprostheticsparietal cortexsensorimotor learningvisual cortexwidefield imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Brain-Machine Interfaces

Background:

  • Understanding how the brain learns causal relationships and controls external objects is crucial for neuroscience.
  • Sensory experience plays a key role in informing intentional control over the environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the learning and execution of causal control.
  • To explore how sensory feedback and intention shape neural representations during active control.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel brain-machine interface (BMI) task utilizing wide-field calcium imaging in mice.
  • Mice were trained to entrain activity patterns in cortical regions to guide a visual cursor for reward.
  • Analysis of neural activity in response to active cursor control versus passive viewing.

Main Results:

  • Mice successfully learned to control cursor movement by modulating activity in arbitrary cortical regions.
  • Neural representations were reconfigured in a sensory-feedback-dependent manner, demonstrating adaptive control.
  • Higher visual cortex showed increased engagement in expert animals, and individual neurons responded more strongly to the cursor during active control, especially near the target.

Conclusions:

  • Neural representations of causally controlled objects are dynamic and influenced by the subject's intention and goal proximity.
  • The brain adapts sensory feedback to facilitate fluent control over external objects.
  • This study provides insights into the neural basis of intentional action and sensorimotor learning.