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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
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Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
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The alternative coordinate method, also known as the Shoelace Formula, is a technique for determining the area of a traverse using Cartesian coordinates. This method relies on the sequential arrangement of x and y coordinates for each point of the shape, ensuring accuracy and ease of application.In this approach, each corner's x and y coordinates are listed as fractions, with the x-coordinate as the numerator and the y-coordinate as the denominator. These coordinates are arranged sequentially...
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Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
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Method for absolute measurement of flat surface.

Lisong Yan, Fazhi Li, Xiaokun Wang

    Applied Optics
    |December 28, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces an absolute measurement technique for optical surface testing using Zernike polynomial fitting. The method accurately determines both test and reference surface profiles, enhancing interferometry accuracy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical metrology
    • Surface characterization
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Interferometry relies on a reference surface, limiting testing accuracy.
    • Absolute measurement is crucial for improving interferometric accuracy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present an efficient absolute measurement method for optical surface testing.
    • To enhance the accuracy of interferometry by eliminating reference surface dependency.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an absolute measurement technique leveraging Zernike polynomial fitting algorithms.
    • Enabled simultaneous calculation of both test and reference surface profiles.
    • Conducted simulation analysis and experimental validation.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method allows for simultaneous determination of test and reference surface profiles.
    • Simulation analysis confirmed the test accuracy of the developed method.
    • Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of the absolute measurement technique.

    Conclusions:

    • The Zernike polynomial fitting-based absolute measurement method significantly improves optical surface testing accuracy.
    • This technique offers a practical solution for high-accuracy interferometric measurements.
    • The study validates the effectiveness of absolute measurement in overcoming limitations of relative interferometry.