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Mammary implants, diving, and altitude exposure.

R D Vann1, R Riefkohl, G S Georgiade

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|February 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary
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Mammary implants exposed to simulated dives and altitude showed bubble formation and volume changes. These effects were most significant when altitude exposure followed diving, though unlikely in normal circumstances.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Mammary implants are widely used, and understanding their response to environmental stressors is crucial.
  • Previous research has not fully explored implant behavior under combined dive and altitude conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bubble formation and volume changes in mammary implants subjected to simulated diving and altitude exposures.
  • To assess the impact of sequential dive and altitude stress on implant integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Mammary implants were subjected to simulated dive profiles in a controlled laboratory setting.
  • Following dive simulations, implants were exposed to simulated high-altitude conditions.
  • Bubble formation and volume changes were meticulously monitored and quantified.

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Main Results:

  • Minimal volume changes were observed after individual dive exposures.
  • Numerous bubbles formed within the implants, reaching maximum size within 3 hours.
  • Significant volume changes occurred when implants were exposed to high altitude after a dive exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Mammary implants can exhibit bubble formation and volume expansion when exposed to diving and altitude stressors.
  • The combination of dive followed by altitude exposure leads to more pronounced changes.
  • The specific conditions required for significant in vivo changes are highly improbable during normal activities.