Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
Published on: January 11, 2016
Amanda Oostra1, Christos Koutsarnakis2, Christos Georgalas3
1Academic Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Recent advancements in skull base reconstruction feature novel vascularized flaps for complex defects. Extranasal flaps are also adapted for endoscopic use, expanding surgical options.
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