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Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Shilu Mathew1, Muhammed Faheem2, Neeraja A Hassain3

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Summary

This review covers the latest advances in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine development, focusing on clinical trial candidates and platform pros and cons to aid pandemic eradication.

Keywords:
Covid-19SARS-CoV-2clinical trialsvaccine platformsvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel zoonotic coronavirus, has caused a global pandemic, severely impacting public health and economies.
  • The virus utilizes its spike (S) glycoprotein for host cell attachment and infection initiation.
  • Despite global efforts, no approved medical treatments or vaccines exist for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in human SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
  • To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of leading vaccine platforms based on historical data.
  • To identify key populations for timely vaccination to achieve rapid pandemic eradication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical trial data for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates.
  • Analysis of vaccine platform technologies (e.g., mRNA, viral vector, protein subunit).
  • Examination of past vaccine delivery strategies for other infectious diseases.

Main Results:

  • Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are in various stages of clinical trials.
  • Different vaccine platforms exhibit distinct advantages and disadvantages regarding efficacy, safety, and production.
  • Vaccine development is a critical strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

  • Ongoing research and clinical trials are crucial for developing effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
  • Understanding platform-specific characteristics is essential for successful vaccine deployment.
  • Targeted vaccination of specific populations is necessary for swift pandemic control.