[From transgenesis to gene edition. Bioethical and applied considerations]

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
• Molecular Biology
• Agricultural Science

Background:

• Transgenesis involves introducing foreign genetic material into organisms, enabling applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
• Early genetically modified organisms (GMOs) faced controversy regarding potential health and environmental risks.
• Technological advancements have led to more precise, simpler, and safer gene modification methods.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the primary techniques, applications, and ethical considerations of transgenesis and gene editing.
• To explore the evolving landscape of genetic modification technologies.
• To highlight the potential of these methods in addressing global challenges.

Main Methods:

• Review of transgenesis techniques and their historical development.
• Analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology.
• Examination of applications in bacteria, plants, and animals.
• Discussion of ethical implications and future perspectives.

Main Results:

• Transgenesis has yielded significant benefits in health, food production, and environmental management.
• CRISPR-Cas9 offers enhanced precision, simplicity, and safety in genetic modification compared to older methods.
• Modified organisms show promise for producing pharmacological products, improving crop yields and nutritional value, and enhancing livestock.

Conclusions:

• Modern gene editing techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, represent a significant advancement over traditional transgenesis.
• These biotechnologies offer powerful tools for addressing critical global issues in health, food security, and environmental sustainability.
• Continued research and ethical consideration are essential for maximizing the benefits of genetic modification.