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    Area of Science:

    • Optical engineering
    • Astronomy
    • Wave optics

    Background:

    • Adaptive optics (AO) systems correct for atmospheric turbulence.
    • Compensated-beacon adaptive optics (CBAO) and uncompensated-beacon adaptive optics (UBAO) are two AO approaches.
    • Wavefront sensors like Shack-Hartmann (SH-WFS) and digital-holographic (DH-WFS) are crucial components.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the performance benefits of CBAO compared to UBAO.
    • To evaluate these benefits across different wavefront sensor types (SH-WFS and DH-WFS).
    • To assess performance under varying scintillation conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing wave-optics simulations to model AO system performance.
    • Comparing CBAO and UBAO under weak to moderately strong scintillation.
    • Analyzing results for both Shack-Hartmann and digital-holographic wavefront sensors.
    • Employing least-squares phase reconstruction with similar subaperture sampling.

    Main Results:

    • Under the studied turbulence conditions, both noiseless sensors showed similar performance for CBAO and UBAO regarding peak Strehl ratio.
    • CBAO demonstrated an average performance increase of 17% for SH-WFS compared to UBAO.
    • CBAO showed a more substantial average performance boost of 26% for DH-WFS relative to UBAO.

    Conclusions:

    • CBAO provides measurable performance enhancements over UBAO, particularly for DH-WFS.
    • The choice of wavefront sensor impacts the degree of benefit gained from CBAO.
    • Simulations confirm CBAO's advantage in improving image quality degraded by atmospheric turbulence.