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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...

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Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Published on: April 30, 2021

Exploring dynamical complexity in a time-delayed tumor-immune model.

Parthasakha Das¹, Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay², Pritha Das¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

|December 31, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that incorporating time delays in tumor-immune models enhances dynamical complexity, potentially indicating long-term cancer relapse. Analyzing complexity offers insights into cancer biology and disorder.

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Area of Science:

Mathematical Biology
Computational Biology
Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

Dynamical complexity analysis quantifies structural disorder in nonlinear phenomena.
Mathematical models of tumor-immune interactions offer insights into cancer biology.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore dynamical complexity in a time-delayed tumor-immune model.
To investigate the relationship between model complexity and cancer relapse.
To understand the role of interleukin-2 and time delays in tumor-immune dynamics.

Main Methods:

Bifurcation analyses in various parametric regimes.
The 0-1 test for chaoticity.
One- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams.
Weighted recurrence entropy for quantifying asymptotic behavior.

Main Results:

The onset of chaos was predicted and manifested by multi-periodicity.
Dynamical complexity was quantified and linked to the system's asymptotic behavior.
Incorporating time delays in interleukin's effect significantly enhanced dynamical complexity.

Conclusions:

Dynamical complexity in tumor-immune models can signify long-term cancer relapse.
Time delays in interleukin effects are crucial for enhancing tumor-immune interplay complexity.
This research provides a framework for understanding cancer dynamics through complexity analysis.