Development of fibronectin-loaded nanofiber scaffolds for guided pulp tissue regeneration

Fibronectin (FN)-loaded nanofiber scaffolds were developed and assessed concerning their bioactive potential on human apical papilla cells (hAPCs). First, random (NR) and aligned (NA) nanofiber scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) were obtained by electrospinning technique and their biological properties were evaluated. The best formulations of NR and NA were loaded with 0, 5, or 10 μg/ml of FN and their bioactivity was assessed. Finally, FN-loaded NR and NA tubular scaffolds were prepared and their chemotactic potential was analyzed using an in vitro model to mimic the pulp regeneration of teeth with incomplete root formation. All scaffolds tested were cytocompatible. However, NR and NA based on 10% PCL promoted the highest hAPCs proliferation, adhesion and spreading. Polygonal and elongated cells were observed on NR and NA, respectively. The higher the concentration of FN added to the scaffolds, greater cell migration, viability, proliferation, adhesion and spreading, as well as collagen synthesis and gene expression (ITGA5, ITGAV, COL1A1, COL3A1). In addition, tubular scaffolds with NA loaded with FN (10 μg/ml) showed the highest chemotactic potential on hAPCs. It was concluded that FN-loaded NA scaffolds may be an interesting biomaterial to promote hAPCs-mediated pulp regeneration of endodontically compromised teeth with incomplete root formation.