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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation01:30

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Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
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Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

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Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem:...
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Self-Esteem01:28

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Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
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Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
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Core Self-Evaluations Affecting Retirement-Related Outcomes.

Sara Zaniboni1, Gabriela Topa2, Cristian Balducci3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|January 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Core self-evaluations positively influence retirement preparation, including social adjustment, new beginnings, continuity expectations, and goals. This research highlights their importance for workers throughout their careers and in retirement planning.

Keywords:
core self-evaluationsretirement attitudesretirement expectationsretirement goalsretirement preparation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Gerontology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Retirement preparation is crucial for well-being, yet predictors beyond demographics and finances are underexplored.
  • Core self-evaluations theory offers a framework for understanding individual differences in adjustment.
  • Existing models of retirement adjustment lack a focus on psychological dispositions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate core self-evaluations as a predictor of retirement preparation.
  • To compare the predictive power of core self-evaluations against demographic, financial, health, and work-related variables.
  • To examine the influence of core self-evaluations on specific components of retirement adjustment.

Main Methods:

  • Regression analyses were employed to assess the predictive validity of core self-evaluations.
  • Control variables included age, gender, perceived health, financial situation, job centrality, and expected retirement age.
  • The study utilized established theoretical frameworks: the resource-based dynamic model for retirement adjustment and core self-evaluations theory.

Main Results:

  • Core self-evaluations significantly and positively predicted social retirement adjustment, expectations of new beginnings and continuity, and retirement goals.
  • Core self-evaluations negatively predicted expectations of imposed disruption.
  • These findings remained significant after controlling for demographic, financial, health, and work-related factors.

Conclusions:

  • Core self-evaluations are a valuable psychological resource for workers across their careers.
  • Positive self-perceptions enhance proactive retirement preparation and adjustment.
  • Interventions aimed at bolstering core self-evaluations may support individuals in navigating retirement transitions.