Anatomic variations of the superficial temporal artery

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Radiology
• Surgical Anatomy

Background:

• The superficial temporal artery (STA), a terminal branch of the external carotid artery, is typically described with a predictable course.
• Variations in the main trunk of the STA and its terminal branching patterns are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the morphology and topography of the superficial temporal artery (STA) before its terminal bifurcation.
• To identify common anatomical variations and anomalies of the STA.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective analysis of archived head tomography angiograms from 43 patients.
• Detailed examination of the STA's course, branching patterns, and associated structures like the mandibular condyle and posterior zygomatic root (PZR).

Main Results:

• STA topography relative to the mandibular condyle was symmetrical in 79% of patients (retrocondylar or laterocondylar).
• Parietal branches were absent unilaterally in 16.3% and bilaterally in 9.3%; frontal branches were absent unilaterally in 2 cases.
• Kinking and coiling were prevalent (88.4%), with kinks frequently observed on the PZR (81.4%). Pseudoaneurysms were noted in two cases.

Conclusions:

• Significant anatomical variations in the superficial temporal artery (STA) exist, including branching anomalies and complex kinking/coiling patterns.
• These variations, particularly around the posterior zygomatic root (PZR), have implications for surgical interventions.
• Increased anatomical study of the STA is warranted due to its surgical importance.