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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
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[Ocular Drug Delivery System-based on Solid Nanoparticles].

Noriaki Nagai1

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University.

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
|January 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Solid nanoparticles enhance drug delivery for eye conditions, improving solubility and corneal penetration compared to traditional eye drops. These novel formulations offer better tolerability and bioavailability for ophthalmic treatments.

Keywords:
drug deliveryendocytosisindomethacinnanoparticleophthalmic formulation

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
  • Nanotechnology in Pharmaceuticals
  • Corneal Penetration Enhancement

Background:

  • Traditional eye drops exhibit poor bioavailability due to corneal barriers and lacrimal dilution.
  • Frequent administration of eye drops can lead to systemic side effects and local corneal toxicity.
  • Microparticles, nanoparticles, hydrogels, and viscous solutions are explored to improve ophthalmic drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy of ophthalmic formulations based on solid nanoparticles.
  • To evaluate indomethacin (IMC) solid nanoparticles (IMC-NP) as a model system.
  • To compare IMC-NP dispersions with traditional formulations and commercial eye drops.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of IMC-NP dispersions using additives and a rotation/revolution pulverizer (NP-100).
  • Characterization of particle size (50-220 nm).
  • Assessment of IMC solubility, corneal epithelial cell tolerability, and corneal penetration.

Main Results:

  • IMC-NP dispersions showed 4.18-fold higher IMC solubility than IMC microparticle (IMC-MP) suspensions.
  • IMC-NP dispersions demonstrated superior tolerability in human corneal epithelial cells compared to commercial NSAIDs eye drops.
  • IMC-NP dispersions exhibited enhanced corneal penetration via energy-dependent endocytosis pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Solid nanoparticle-based ophthalmic formulations significantly improve drug solubility, tolerability, and corneal penetration.
  • IMC-NP dispersions represent a promising approach for enhanced ophthalmic drug delivery.
  • Further research into nanoparticle formulations can lead to novel and effective treatments for eye diseases.