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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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Standard Precaution01:26

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Risk of Airborne COVID-19 Transmission While Performing Humphrey Visual Field Testing.

Nikhil Jain1, Simerdip Kaur2, Nikolaos Kopsachilis2,3

  • 1University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London.

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Airborne transmission of COVID-19 during Humphrey visual field testing is low. The study found no significant difference in aerosol counts before, during, or after testing, indicating minimal risk to patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Disease Transmission
  • Medical Device Engineering

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns about airborne transmission in clinical settings.
  • Visual field testing, particularly Humphrey visual field (HFA) analysis, involves close patient proximity to the device.
  • Understanding aerosol dynamics within the HFA is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the risk of airborne COVID-19 transmission during Humphrey visual field testing.
  • To investigate aerosol particle behavior within the HFA bowl under various conditions.
  • To determine if ventilation currents in the HFA effectively mitigate airborne particle suspension.

Main Methods:

  • A particle counter measured aerosol concentrations (≤10 μm) within the HFA bowl.
  • Measurements were taken before and after machine activation to assess ventilation effects.
  • Aerosol counts were recorded during a simulated visual field test and immediately post-testing.

Main Results:

  • HFA's internal air current significantly reduced aerosol particulates within the bowl.
  • No significant difference in aerosol counts was observed between a patient performing the test and immediately after they left.
  • Aerosols exhaled by patients did not remain suspended in the HFA bowl due to ventilation.

Conclusions:

  • Aerosol levels in the HFA bowl remain consistent before, during, and after testing.
  • The risk of airborne COVID-19 transmission between patients undergoing HFA testing is low.
  • Findings align with manufacturer recommendations for safe HFA operation.