Comparison of pyrolysis process, various fractions and potential soil applications between sewage sludge-based...

To deeply assess the feasibility of sewage sludge-based biochars for use in soil applications, this review compared sewage sludge-based biochars (SSBBs) with lignocellulose-based biochars (LCBBs) in terms of their pyrolysis processes, various fractions and potential soil applications. Based on the reviewed literature, significant differences between the components of SSBB and LCBB result in different pyrolysis behavior. In terms of the fractions of biochars, obvious differences were confirmed to exist in the carbon content, surface functional groups, types of ash fractions and contents of potential toxic elements (PTEs). However, a clear influence of the feedstock on labile carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was not observed in the current research. These differences determined subsequent discrepancies in the soil application potential and corresponding mechanisms. The major challenges facing biochar application in soils and corresponding recommendations for future research were also addressed. LCBBs promote carbon sequestration, heavy metal retention and organic matter immobilization. The application of SSBBs is a promising approach to improve soil phosphorus fertility, immobilize heavy metals and provide available carbon sources for soil microbes to stimulate microbial biomass. The present review provides guidance information for selecting appropriate types of biochars to address targeted soil issues.