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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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Parenting Stress and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Problems Among Low-Income Families: Exploring

Kristina Kochanova1, Laura D Pittman2, Lauren McNeela2

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Parenting stress impacts child behavior differently across development. Transactional links between stress and externalizing behaviors emerged in early adolescence, but not early childhood.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychiatry
  • Family Studies

Background:

  • Parenting stress is linked to child behavior problems.
  • Longitudinal research on the directionality of this association is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine transactional associations between parenting stress and child externalizing/internalizing behaviors.
  • To investigate developmental differences in these links across early childhood and early adolescence.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study with 1209 low-income female caregivers and their children.
  • Data collected across three time points over a 6-year period.
  • Children were in early childhood (2-5 years) or early adolescence (9-15 years) at baseline.

Main Results:

  • Parent-driven associations found between parenting stress and internalizing problems in early childhood.
  • Transactional associations between parenting stress and externalizing problems found in early adolescence.
  • Child-driven associations found for internalizing problems in early adolescence.

Conclusions:

  • Transactional associations between parenting stress and child behavior problems are specific to developmental stage, particularly evident in early adolescence.
  • Findings highlight developmental variations in the interplay between parenting stress and child behavioral outcomes in low-income families.