Naphthalimide-Based Hydrazone Derivatives: Synthesis, Mechanochromism in the Solid State and Response to Ions in...

Molecules showing mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) are promising for use in the in the fields of sensing and probes. We report the design and synthesis of new naphthalimide-based hydrazone derivatives, NI-TPE and NI-3BA. Both the luminogens are weakly emissive with ^s Φ_f =0.3 % and 0.5 % respectively when aggregated in amorphous states as strong π-π stacking and intermolecular interaction prevent luminescence. On the contrary, in the crystalline state, single crystal analysis of two derivatives shows that nonradiative decay is reduced or inhibited by molecular stacking modes and intermolecular interactions. Increases of fluorescence emission intensity to ^s Φ_f =5.5 % and 6.0 % upon solvent evaporation are attributed to weak π-π overlapping and hydrogen bonding (N-H ⋅⋅⋅ O, distance 2.99 Å), which are beneficial to the formation of molecules with a loose packing. At the same time, the packing modes that the two derivatives adopt in the crystal lattice are destroyed to result in a low solid-state fluorescence quantum yield and a bathochromic shift of 23-25 nm upon grinding. All these factors cause the two derivatives show an unusual "turn off" MCL phenomenon. The fluorescence emission, its pH reversibility, and selective response to fluoride and acetate ions of up to 91-93 % in dilute solutions were also demonstrated.