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Related Concept Videos

Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

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In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...
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Kinematic Equations - III01:18

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The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
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Circular Shafts - Elastoplastic Materials01:24

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The study of solid circular shafts under stress shows that within the elastic limit, stress increases directly to the distance from the shaft's center. This relationship holds until the shaft reaches a critical point of stress, beyond which it begins to yield, marking the transition from elastic to plastic deformation. At this crucial juncture, the maximum torque the shaft can endure without permanent deformation is determined, signifying the limit of its elastic behavior.
As torque on the...
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Kinematic Equations - II01:17

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The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
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Kinematic Equations - I01:26

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When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:
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Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving01:15

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When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, the problem-solving strategy involves identifying the known quantities and choosing the appropriate kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities. Generally, the number of equations required is the same as the number of unknown quantities in the given example. Two-body pursuit problems always require two...
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A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
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Stride-Phase Kinematic Parameters That Predict Peak Elbow Varus Torque.

Hiroshi Tanaka1, Toyohiko Hayashi2, Hiroaki Inui1

  • 1Nobuhara Hospital and Institute of Biomechanics, Tatsuno, Japan.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|January 6, 2021
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Summary

Five stride phase kinematic parameters predict reduced elbow varus torque in baseball pitchers. Optimizing these mechanics can help decrease elbow injury risk during pitching.

Keywords:
baseballelbowfastballinjurypainpitchertorquevalgusvarus

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of baseball pitching
  • Sports injury prevention
  • Kinematic analysis of athletic performance

Background:

  • High elbow varus torque during pitching is a risk factor for medial elbow pain and injury.
  • The stride phase may prepare the arm for subsequent pitching motions, influencing injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify kinematic parameters during the stride phase that predict peak elbow varus torque.
  • To understand how stride phase biomechanics contribute to elbow stress in pitchers.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive laboratory study analyzed 107 high school baseball pitchers using 3D motion capture.
  • 26 kinematic parameters from the stride phase were extracted and analyzed using multiple regression.
  • The study focused on the stride phase leading up to stride foot contact.

Main Results:

  • Increased wrist extension, elbow pronation, leading knee flexion, trailing knee extension, and upward center of mass displacement were linked to decreased peak elbow varus torque.
  • These five kinematic variables explained 38% of the variance in peak elbow varus torque.
  • Significant correlations were found for all identified parameters (P < .05).

Conclusions:

  • Five specific kinematic parameters during the stride phase are associated with peak elbow varus torque.
  • The stride phase plays a crucial role in biomechanical preparation, impacting elbow torque in later pitching phases.
  • Motion capture assessment of these parameters can help screen pitching mechanics to reduce elbow injury risk.