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Enzyme-Functionalized Cellulose Beads as a Promising Antimicrobial Material.

Davide Califano1,2, Bethany Lee Patenall1,2, Marco A S Kadowaki1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.

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New enzyme-functionalized cellulose beads release hydrogen peroxide to combat multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This sustainable antimicrobial material shows broad-spectrum efficacy against common pathogens like E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Antimicrobial Materials
  • Enzyme Immobilization

Background:

  • Rising threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms due to extensive antibiotic use.
  • Need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to reduce antibiotic overuse and mitigate MDR strain selection.
  • Cellulose as a sustainable and biocompatible material for biomedical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and optimize enzyme-based antimicrobial cellulose beads.
  • To covalently couple glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger to cellulose beads.
  • To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the developed beads against model pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of material preparation for mechanical resistance, shelf life, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production.
  • Functionalization of cellulose beads with GOx, investigating the impact of oxidation degree and pH.
  • Antimicrobial activity assessment using agar inhibition halo assays (Kirby-Bauer test) against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, MRSA, and S. aureus.

Main Results:

  • Optimized cellulose beads demonstrated efficient H2O2 release (≈ 1.8 mM) with good mechanical properties and shelf life.
  • Slightly acidic conditions (pH 6) during functionalization yielded the best GOx/cellulose system performance.
  • The functionalized beads effectively inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms, with maximum efficacy against P. aeruginosa and E. coli.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-functionalized cellulose beads are a viable, inexpensive, and sustainable antimicrobial material.
  • The developed beads release sufficient H2O2 to exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
  • Potential applications include biomedical products and food preservation, offering an alternative to conventional antibiotics.