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Solubility03:00

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Phytantriol and monoolein in aqueous deep eutectic solvent and protic ionic liquid solutions.

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Researchers explored liquid crystalline phases using phytantriol and monoolein in novel solvents like ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Water addition influenced structures, favoring inverse hexagonal phases, while specific ionic liquids stabilized cubic phases.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Lyotropic liquid crystal gels of phytantriol and monoolein are established self-assembled systems in water with diverse applications.
  • Aqueous systems face limitations due to solvent evaporation and restricted solubility of certain compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and structural behavior of phytantriol and monoolein liquid crystalline phases in water-based mixtures with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.
  • To understand how solvent composition influences the stability and type of liquid crystalline phases formed.

Main Methods:

  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was employed to characterize the gel phase structures.
  • Experiments were conducted at a fixed lipid concentration (5% w/w) across a range of temperatures.
  • Phase diagrams were mapped in mixtures of water with protic ionic liquids (ethylammonium nitrate, ethanolammonium nitrate) and deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride with urea, fructose, or citric acid).

Main Results:

  • Addition of water to DES-water mixtures and the non-amphiphilic ionic liquid ethanolammonium nitrate favored higher negative curvature inverse hexagonal structures.
  • The amphiphilic ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate demonstrated a swelling and stabilizing effect on the cubic Pn3m phase.
  • The study highlights the critical role of solvent structure, polarity, and molecular size in governing lyotropic liquid crystalline gel formation and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Novel solvent systems, including ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, offer alternatives to purely aqueous media for creating stable lyotropic liquid crystalline gels.
  • Tailoring solvent composition allows for control over the resulting liquid crystalline phase, with implications for advanced materials and biomedical applications.
  • Understanding the solvent-lipid interactions is crucial for designing and optimizing self-assembled soft materials.