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COVID-19 in children: Pathogenesis and current status
Lawrence D Frenkel1, Fernando Gomez2, Joseph A Bellanti3
1From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
|January 6, 2021
Summary
Children infected with COVID-19 typically experience milder symptoms than adults. However, some children can develop a severe hyperinflammatory response, known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which resembles Kawasaki disease (KD).
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- Immunology
- Virology
Background:
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacts millions globally.
- Children generally exhibit milder COVID-19 symptoms compared to adults.
- Some children develop severe hyperinflammation (MIS-C), similar to Kawasaki disease (KD).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence on COVID-19 pathogenesis in children.
- To explore the relationship between COVID-19, KD, and MIS-C.
- To improve understanding of clinical course, diagnosis, and management.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current evidence.
- Analysis of COVID-19 pathogenesis.
- Comparison of clinical presentations in children with COVID-19, KD, and MIS-C.
Main Results:
- COVID-19 pathogenesis involves viral and host immune response phases.
- Children with KD show fewer COVID-19-associated KD features than MIS-C patients.
- MIS-C presents with less prominent ARDS and shock compared to KD in COVID-19 patients.
Conclusions:
- Children are as susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as adults but often have milder disease due to immature immune systems.
- Despite milder respiratory illness, children can develop SARS-CoV-2-associated MIS-C.
- Understanding COVID-19's impact on children is crucial for diagnosis and management.
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