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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity01:20

Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

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Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Corrected Version: Protection of Mice from Controlled Cortical Impact Injury by Food Additive Glyceryl Tribenzoate.

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RETRACTED: Rangasamy et al. Protection of Mice from Controlled Cortical Impact Injury by Food Additive Glyceryl Tribenzoate. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2023, <i>24</i>, 2083.

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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

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Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive?

Shreya Mukherjee1,2, Kalipada Pahan3,4

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.

Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology
|January 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Males face higher COVID-19 severity and fatality despite equal infection risk. This review explores sex and gender differences, examining ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression, immune responses, and behaviors like smoking as potential causes.

Keywords:
ACE-2COVID-19GenderHypertensionTMPRSS2

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • COVID-19 infection rates are similar between males and females.
  • Clinical outcomes reveal males experience greater COVID-19 severity and mortality than females.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on sex and gender differences in COVID-19 outcomes.
  • To explore potential biological and behavioral mechanisms driving these disparities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on COVID-19 and sex/gender differences.
  • Analysis of factors including viral entry mechanisms (ACE2, TMPRSS2), immunological responses, and behavioral influences.

Main Results:

  • Sex-based differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) expression may contribute to COVID-19 severity.
  • Immunological response variations between sexes could impact disease outcomes.
  • Gendered behaviors (e.g., smoking) and comorbidities influence COVID-19 clinical outcomes in males and females.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding sex and gender sensitivities is crucial for developing targeted COVID-19 treatments.
  • Biological and socio-behavioral factors interact to explain differential COVID-19 outcomes between males and females.