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Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization.

Mariana Bezamat1, Juliana F Souza2, Fernanda M F Silva3

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Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) may be linked to genetic factors and environmental influences like medication use after age three. Further research is needed to confirm these findings for MIH development.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a dental enamel defect affecting permanent molars and incisors, characterized by white to brown lesions and rapid caries.
  • The etiology of MIH is multifactorial, with suspected genetic and environmental influences, but definitive risk factors remain unclear.
  • Genes such as IRF6 and TGFA are crucial during craniofacial development, suggesting a potential role in MIH predisposition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential interaction between IRF6 and TGFA genes in the predisposition to MIH.
  • To explore the association between environmental factors (respiratory issues, malnutrition, infections, medication intake) and MIH development in children aged three and older.

Main Methods:

  • Salivary DNA was extracted from 1,065 individuals across four cohorts.
  • Genotyping was performed for nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to IRF6 and TGFA.
  • Association tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted using PLINK software.

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction between TGFA rs930655 and other markers was identified in the Turkish cohort, but not in others.
  • A statistically significant association (p<0.05) was found between MIH and medication intake after the age of three.
  • These findings suggest a potential link between early childhood environmental exposures and MIH development.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic interactions involving TGFA may contribute to MIH susceptibility in specific populations.
  • Environmental factors, particularly medication use acquired during early socialization, appear to play a role in the etiology of MIH.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in MIH.