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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Rat Model for Weight-Bearing Intervention to Investigate Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
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Osteoradionecrosis: Exposing the Evidence Not the Bone.

Andrew J Frankart1, Michael J Frankart2, Brian Cervenka3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
|January 7, 2021
PubMed
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Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication of head and neck cancer radiation therapy. This review synthesizes current literature to guide ORN diagnosis and management, highlighting the need for a consensus.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a significant complication following radiation therapy for head and neck cancers.
  • ORN can lead to substantial morbidity, increased healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life for patients.
  • Current evidence for specific ORN care aspects exists, but a unified approach to diagnosis and management is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the existing literature on osteoradionecrosis in head and neck cancer patients.
  • To provide guidance for the evaluation and treatment of ORN, focusing on recent advancements.
  • To identify gaps and promote consensus in the multidisciplinary management of ORN.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies published within the last 10 years.
  • Focus on diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for osteoradionecrosis.
  • Synthesis of evidence to inform clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key diagnostic indicators for osteoradionecrosis.
  • Overview of current treatment modalities, including conservative and surgical options.
  • Highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of osteoradionecrosis requires a coordinated, multidisciplinary strategy.
  • Further research and consensus-building are needed to optimize patient outcomes.
  • Timely diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial for mitigating ORN complications.