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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
A systematic approach to the evaluation and management of obstructive sleep apnea: The Jefferson Protocol
Nikhita Jain1, Julianna Rodin1, Maurits S Boon2
1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Otolaryngology, 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
Abstract:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has become increasingly prevalent in the United States. While continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the gold standard for treatment, surgical intervention can enhance compliance and improve outcomes for those intolerant of CPAP. Since the majority of OSA patients have multilevel obstruction, it is critical that otolaryngologists understand each patient's pattern and anatomic level of obstruction before solidifying a treatment plan. This publication serves as a comprehensive review of evaluation, characterization, and management of OSA. Further, the authors outline their departmental algorithm for identifying ideal surgical candidates and tailoring corresponding surgical interventions.
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