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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Arm-Stroke Descriptor Variability during 200-m Front Crawl Swimming.

Matteo Cortesi1, Rocco Di Michele2, Silvia Fantozzi3,4

  • 1Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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In middle-distance swimming, inertial measurement units (IMUs) effectively monitored arm-stroke timing. Swimmers maintained stable temporal technique despite decreased velocity and stroke rate over 200m.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Swimming Performance Analysis

Background:

  • Understanding inter-lap and intra-lap variability in swimming is crucial for optimizing performance.
  • Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offer a promising technology for objective kinematic analysis in aquatic sports.
  • Temporal descriptors of arm stroke significantly influence swimming efficiency and speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variability of arm-stroke temporal descriptors during a middle-distance front-crawl swim.
  • To assess the efficacy of IMUs in continuously monitoring swimming technique parameters.
  • To analyze inter-lap and intra-lap variations in velocity, stroke rate, stroke phase duration, and arm coordination.

Main Methods:

  • Eight male swimmers completed a 200-m front-crawl at maximum effort.
  • Five IMU units were utilized to capture upper limb kinematics and orientation.
  • An algorithm computed 3D wrist coordinates and identified stroke phase start events.

Main Results:

  • Mean velocity (1.47 ± 0.10 m·s⁻¹) and stroke rate (32.94 ± 4.84 cycles·min⁻¹) significantly decreased throughout the 200m distance.
  • Stroke rate was significantly lower at the end of each lap compared to the start and middle segments.
  • No other significant inter-lap or intra-lap differences were observed in temporal descriptors.

Conclusions:

  • IMU technology provides an effective means for continuous monitoring of temporal swimming descriptors.
  • Swimmers demonstrated the ability to maintain stable temporal technique during a middle-distance event, even with declining velocity and stroke rate.
  • Objective kinematic data from IMUs can inform targeted training interventions for middle-distance swimmers.