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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases
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Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

Jakub Litak1,2, Marek Mazurek1, Bartłomiej Kulesza1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) involves various vascular disorders affecting the brain

Keywords:
CMBCSVDcerebral microbleedscerebral small vessel disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) encompasses diverse vascular disorders impacting the brain's intricate vasculature.
  • Oxidative stress is a key pathological mechanism in CSVD, leading to epithelial cell degeneration.
  • Classifications include Binswanger's disease, leukoaraiosis, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and lacunar strokes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).
  • To review the impact of current knowledge on CSVD diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CSVD characteristics.
  • Analysis of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CSVD.

Main Results:

  • CSVD affects small arteries, capillaries, arterioles, and venules.
  • Oxidation processes contribute significantly to CSVD pathology.
  • Understanding CSVD aids in patient diagnosis and management.

Conclusions:

  • CSVD is a complex group of diseases with oxidative stress as a central mechanism.
  • Current knowledge enhances the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CSVD.
  • Further research into CSVD pathophysiology can improve patient outcomes.