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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Optimizing Isolation and Purification of Murine Glomerular Mesangial Cells
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Published on: March 7, 2025

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Activated mesangial cells acquire the function of antigen presentation.

Yinghua Zhao1, Qinggang Li2, Qing Ouyang2

  • 1Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.

Cellular Immunology
|January 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mesangial cells (MCs) in the kidneys can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during kidney disease. Activated MCs contribute to renal inflammation and immune responses by presenting antigens to T lymphocytes.

Keywords:
Antigen-presenting cellsImmune responseMajor histocompatibility complexMesangial cell

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Last Updated: Nov 22, 2025

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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mesangial cells (MCs) are crucial for maintaining glomerular function and structure in the kidneys.
  • MCs possess phagocytic capabilities and interact with the extracellular matrix and inflammatory mediators.
  • Kidney diseases often involve immune responses where antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a pivotal role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of mesangial cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the context of kidney disease.
  • To review evidence regarding MC phagocytosis, APC marker expression, and their role in renal inflammatory and immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mesangial cell function.
  • Analysis of studies on MC phagocytic activity.
  • Examination of research on APC marker expression by MCs.
  • Review of MCs' involvement in renal inflammatory and immune processes.

Main Results:

  • Mesangial cells exhibit phagocytic functions and can clear macromolecular substances.
  • Activated mesangial cells express surface markers characteristic of antigen-presenting cells.
  • MCs participate in renal inflammatory responses and local immune reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Activated mesangial cells possess antigen-presenting cell capabilities.
  • MCs contribute to the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases through their APC functions.
  • Understanding MCs as APCs offers new insights into renal disease mechanisms.