Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 22, 2025
04:51
Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
Published on: June 23, 2023
3.8K
Differentiating Zr/HfIV Aqueous Polyoxocation Chemistry with Peroxide Ligation
James A Sommers1, Danielle C Hutchison1, Nicolas P Martin1
1Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 United States.
Inorganic Chemistry
|January 11, 2021
Summary
Researchers explored hafnium perchlorate reactions, discovering modified Clearfield-Vaughan tetramer (CVT) structures. Mixed hafnium-zirconium phases showed transitions between zirconium and hafnium-dominant structures.
Area of Science:
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Materials Science
- Crystallography
Background:
- Previous research identified novel zirconium perchlorate phases.
- Understanding the chemistry of related hafnium compounds is essential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate reactions of hafnium perchlorate analogous to prior zirconium studies.
- To characterize new hafnium perchlorate derivatives and mixed hafnium-zirconium phases.
Main Methods:
- X-ray diffraction for solid-state structural analysis.
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for solution structure.
- Raman spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for solution characterization.
Main Results:
- Distorted versions of the Clearfield-Vaughan tetramer (CVT) were identified in hafnium perchlorate derivatives.
- Mixed hafnium-zirconium solid phases exhibit structural characteristics dependent on the Hf:Zr ratio.
- Low Hf concentrations lead to phases resembling the zirconium family, while higher concentrations favor the hafnium family.
Conclusions:
- Hafnium perchlorate forms distinct modified CVT structures.
- The study elucidates the compositional dependence of mixed hafnium-zirconium phases.
- This work expands the understanding of perchlorate chemistry in Group 4 metals.
Related Concept Videos
02:04Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids
6.7K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
6.7K
02:44Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide
11.7K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
11.7K
00:54Radical Formation: Homolysis
4.0K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
4.0K
02:35Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation
10.8K
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.
10.8K
00:56Extraction: Advanced Methods
815
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
815
02:51Metal-Ligand Bonds
22.9K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
22.9K