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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
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Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

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Cytokine Regulation and Function in T Cells.

Chen Dong1,2

  • 1Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T lymphocytes, crucial for immunity, exhibit diverse subtypes like T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, each with unique functions. Understanding their cytokine regulation offers new disease treatment strategies.

Keywords:
T helper cellscytokinesinflammationtranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T lymphocytes are key effector cells in cellular immunity, producing cytokines to regulate immune responses.
  • Recent decades revealed significant heterogeneity in CD4+ T cell subsets, including T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the heterogeneity of T cell subsets based on cytokine expression.
  • To understand the distinct roles of various T cell subpopulations in immunity and pathology.
  • To investigate mechanisms regulating T cell cytokine production and their implications in immune tolerance and exhaustion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of research on T cell heterogeneity and cytokine expression over the last three decades.
  • Analysis of developmental and regulatory pathways of different T cell subsets.
  • Examination of mechanisms controlling T cell cytokine production and immune tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of distinct T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh) with unique cytokine profiles and functions.
  • Identification of heterogeneity in other T cell types like regulatory T cells, γδ T cells, and innate lymphocytes.
  • Elucidation of mechanisms preventing self-antigen recognition and their link to tumor-induced immune exhaustion.

Conclusions:

  • T cell heterogeneity, particularly in cytokine production, is fundamental to diverse immune responses and pathologies.
  • Understanding T cell cytokine regulation provides insights into immune tolerance, exhaustion, and therapeutic interventions for human diseases.