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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

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Published on: February 28, 2016

Quaternion Model of Higher-Order Rotating Polarization Wave Modulation for High Data Rate M2M LPWAN Communication.

Zaid Ahmad^1,2, Shaiful Jahari Hashim¹, Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani¹

¹WiPNET Research Center, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 12, 2021

Summary

This study introduces a new multi-level Rotating Polarization Phase-Shift Keying (RP-MPSK) modulation for reliable machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). RP-MPSK enhances data rates and energy efficiency in industrial settings.

Keywords:

LPWAN industrial communication systems machine-to-machine communication phase-shift keying polarization diversity sub-gigahertz band

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Area of Science:

Wireless Communication
Industrial IoT
Signal Processing

Background:

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is crucial for Industry 4.0, necessitating robust low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) for industrial environments.
Link reliability is a critical requirement for LPWANs in industrial settings, especially in high clutter.
Existing Rotating Polarization Wave (RPW) systems use BPSK with polarization diversity (PD), which can be enhanced.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel multi-level Rotating Polarization Phase-Shift Keying (RP-MPSK) modulation for LPWANs.
To introduce a quaternion model for RPW systems (Q-RPW) to simplify modeling and simulation.
To evaluate the performance of RP-MPSK in terms of data rate, energy efficiency, and reliability.

Main Methods:

Development of a new RP-MPSK modulation scheme.
Introduction of a quaternion model (Q-RPW) for the RPW system.
Bit error rate (BER) analysis and comparison with existing LPWAN modulations (BPSK, MPSK, FSK, QAM).
Investigation of RP-MPSK performance under multipath and interference conditions.

Main Results:

RP-MPSK modulation provides significant diversity gain over BPSK with second-order diversity.
RP-MPSK demonstrates superior reliability and substantial Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) improvement compared to MPSK, FSK, and QAM.
The Q-RPW model reduces complexity in modeling, simulation, and implementation.
Recommended sampling rates are provided to mitigate error performance degradation from higher-order modulation.

Conclusions:

RP-MPSK is a promising modulation technique for enhancing data rates and energy efficiency in reliable M2M communication within LPWANs.
The Q-RPW model offers a computationally efficient approach for RPW system analysis.
RP-MPSK exhibits robust performance under challenging industrial wireless conditions, including multipath and interference.