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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
153
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

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Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

88
Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

125
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
125
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

166
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
166
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

174
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Optimal vortex formation time index in mitral valve stenosis.

Anand Ambhore1, Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam2, Nicholas W S Chew1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
|January 12, 2021
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Summary

Left ventricular vortex formation time (VFT) increases with mitral stenosis severity, indicating suboptimal flow. Reduced mitral valve opening and left atrial function impair vortex formation in mitral stenosis.

Keywords:
Left ventricular fluid dynamicsMitral stenosisVortex formation time

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology

Background:

  • Left ventricular vortex formation time (VFT) is a novel index for assessing diastolic function.
  • VFT has shown utility in heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
  • Mitral stenosis (MS) may lead to suboptimal left ventricular (LV) flow propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate VFT in patients with varying degrees of rheumatic mitral stenosis.
  • To correlate VFT with MS severity, left atrial (LA) volume, and function.

Main Methods:

  • Echocardiography was performed on 20 healthy controls and 50 patients with rheumatic MS.
  • VFT was calculated using the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D).
  • Patients with atrial fibrillation, reduced LV ejection fraction (<50%), or other valvular diseases were excluded.

Main Results:

  • VFT was optimal in controls (3.92 ± 2.00) and increased with MS severity (mild: 4.98 ± 2.43; moderate: 7.22 ± 2.98; severe: 11.55 ± 2.67; p < 0.001).
  • Higher VFT correlated with smaller mitral valve area (R² = 0.463, p < 0.001) and reduced LA emptying fraction (R² = 0.348, p < 0.001).
  • Higher VFT also correlated with increased LA volume index (R² = 0.440, p < 0.001) and mean transmitral pressure gradient (R² = 0.336, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • More severe mitral stenosis is associated with suboptimal (higher) VFT.
  • Restricted mitral valve opening likely disrupts LV vortex formation and fluid propagation.
  • Compensatory LA enlargement and reduced LA function contribute to suboptimal LV vortex formation in MS.