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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
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[Viral sensing by RNA helicases].

Claire Rousseau1, Carine Meignin1

  • 1Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.

Virologie (Montrouge, France)
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells detect viral infections by sensing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) using RNA helicases. This triggers either RNA interference (RNAi) or interferon (IFN) signaling pathways to combat viruses.

Keywords:
antiviral immunitycytosolic receptorsdsRNAhelicasesnucleic acid sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antiviral immunity relies on distinguishing self from non-self.
  • Cytosolic RNA helicases detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a viral infection marker.
  • dsRNA sensing activates distinct antiviral pathways: RNA interference (RNAi) and interferon (IFN) signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RNA features crucial for viral infection detection.
  • To discuss RNA helicase-mediated dsRNA sensing pathways.
  • To explore viral strategies for evading immune recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on dsRNA sensing mechanisms.
  • Analysis of RNA interference (RNAi) pathway components, including Dicer.
  • Examination of interferon (IFN) signaling pathways involving RIG-like receptors (RLRs).

Main Results:

  • dsRNA serves as a key PAMP for innate and adaptive immunity.
  • RNA helicases initiate either RNAi for viral RNA degradation or IFN signaling for immune response induction.
  • Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade dsRNA detection by host cells.

Conclusions:

  • Helicase-mediated dsRNA recognition is central to antiviral defense.
  • Understanding these pathways and viral evasion strategies is critical for developing new antiviral therapies.